최고위과정(ACE)

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Criticism of the National Health Service (England) includes issues such as gain access to, waiting lists, healthcare protection, and different scandals. The National Health Service (NHS) is the openly financed health care system of England, created under the National Health Service Act 1946 by the post-war Labour federal government of Clement Attlee. It has come under much criticism, specifically throughout the early 2000s, due to outbreaks of antibiotic resistant infections such as MRSA and Clostridioides difficile infection, waiting lists, and medical scandals such as the Alder Hey organs scandal. However, the involvement of the NHS in scandals extends back several years, including over the provision of psychological health care in the 1970s and 1980s (ultimately part of the factor for the Mental Health Act 1983), and spends beyond your means on hospital newbuilds, consisting of Guy's Hospital Phase III in London in 1985, the cost of which shot up from ₤ 29 million to ₤ 152 million. [1]

Access controls and waiting lists

In making health care a largely "unnoticeable expense" to the patient, healthcare seems to be efficiently complimentary to its customers - there is no specific NHS tax or levy. To decrease expenses and guarantee that everybody is treated equitably, there are a variety of "gatekeepers." The family doctor (GP) operates as a primary gatekeeper - without a referral from a GP, it is often impossible to acquire higher courses of treatment, such as a visit with an expert. These are argued to be needed - Welshman Bevan kept in mind in a 1948 speech in your home of Commons, "we shall never have all we require ... expectations will constantly exceed capacity". [2] On the other hand, the nationwide medical insurance systems in other nations (e.g. Germany) have done without the requirement for recommendation; direct access to an expert is possible there. [3]

There has actually been issue about opportunistic "health tourists" travelling to Britain (mainly London) and using the NHS while paying nothing. [4] British people have actually been understood to travel to other European nations to take benefit of lower expenses, and because of a fear of hospital-acquired super bugs and long waiting lists. [5]

NHS gain access to is for that reason managed by medical concern rather than cost system, resulting in waiting lists for both assessments and surgery, up to months long, although the Labour federal government of 1997-onwards made it one of its essential targets to reduce waiting lists. In 1997, the waiting time for a non-urgent operation might be two years; there were aspirations to lower it to 18 weeks regardless of opposition from medical professionals. [6] It is contested that this system is fairer - if a medical problem is severe and deadly, a client will reach the front of the line quickly.

The NHS determines medical requirement in regards to quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), an approach of quantifying the advantage of medical intervention. [7] It is argued that this technique of designating healthcare implies some clients should lose out in order for others to acquire, and that QALY is a crude approach of making life and death choices. [8]

Hospital acquired infections

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